175TH ANNIVERSARY OF
THE SUPREME COURT OF
NEW SOUTH WALES
17 MAY 1999
Murray Gleeson *
- The Sydney Gazette of 20 May 1824 records that at 2 pm
on Monday 17 May the Supreme Court was opened, and that
on the evening of 17 May there was a dinner at Government
House to celebrate the great benefits that this would bring
to the people described, interestingly, as "the inhabitants
of Australasia." 1
- The account of the opening of the Court remarked:
- "We need hardly say that the auditory on this
occasion was the most respectable, distinguished and
crowded, that has been witnessed for years. The inhabitants
seemed to have awakened, as it were, to the valuable
extension of their liberties so graciously conferred
by Parliament and approved and confirmed by His Majesty".2
-
- The Parliament referred to was the Parliament at Westminster,
which on 19 July 1823 had enacted the statute pursuant to
which the Charter of Justice was promulgated three months
later.
- The essence of the Charter of Justice, (the name applied
to instruments by which the Crown set up courts of justice
for Britain's overseas territories), was expressed succinctly
by Sir Victor Windeyer 3.
Its purpose, and effect, was to make the Government of the
colony, and all persons in the colony, subject to the law.
The role of a Supreme Court is to maintain the rule of law
in the polity for which it is established. The Australian
Constitution established what it referred to as a Federal
Supreme Court, called the High Court
4, and recognizes the
continuance of the Supreme Court of each State.
- It is instructive to recall the context in which the
rule of law was established in New South Wales.
- In 1824 the territory of New South Wales extended over
the whole of the eastern half of the mainland. Indeed, for
a time, it included part of New Zealand.
- Napoleon had been dead for three years. King George IV
had been on the throne for five years. Nine years previously
the French had been subdued by an international peace-keeping
force, led by the Duke of Wellington and General Blucher,
but they were still seen as a threat.
- New South Wales was a remote outpost of the British Empire.
Positions of command and influence were almost all occupied
by Englishmen. However, the foundations were being laid
for later waves of Celtic immigration. The Scottish highlands
were being cleared. People were forced to leave for North
America, and later Australia. The manager of Lord Stafford's
estates wrote:
- "The adoption of the new system by which the
mountain districts are converted into sheep pastures,
even if it should unfortunately occasion emigration
of some individuals is, upon the whole, advantageous
to the nation at large."
5
- In 1824 the Australian Agricultural Company, so important
in fostering immigrants, was formed. The company took a
large tract of land between the Hastings River and Port
Stephens 6..
That area includes the Manning River Valley. In 1824 a Lowland
Scots tenant farmer, John Murray, married Isabella Scott.
They were my great-great grandparents. They had ten children.
After John Murray died, his widow and children emigrated
to New South Wales, two of the sons working for the Australian
Agricultural Company 7.
The family settled in the Manning Valley. One of their descendants
is a famous poet.
- The Celtic Irish, who were also to play an important
part in populating the colony, were not doing well. Catholics
were forbidden to own land, enter a profession, or attend
school or university. Most lived in conditions of great
poverty, and many of them were soon to starve.
- Of the aboriginal inhabitants of the area around Port
Jackson, Robert Hughes wrote in "The Fatal Shore"
8:
- "On the shores of Sydney Harbour, whites outnumbered
blacks from the moment the First Fleet arrived; no black
could ever have seen so many people before. One is apt
to think of Sydney and its outlying penal settlements
as small and weak. So they were, but to the Aborigines
they looked large, strange and imposing, and the malign
gravitational field they emitted would destroy their
culture."
- In 1824, Governor Brisbane proclaimed a state of martial
law in the district from the Blue Mountains to Bathurst
because of conflicts between the aborigines and white settlers
9.
- These were small parts of the setting in which the first
Chief Justice, Francis Forbes, took up his responsibilities.
- Forbes was not the first judge in New South Wales. There
had been two judges in the settlement before then.
- The first was the inauspiciously named Jeffrey Bent.
He had been appointed in 1814. Doctor Currey, in his "Chapters
on the Legal History of New South Wales", familiar
to all law students of my generation, described him as "vain,
pretentious, insolent and unconciliatory".
10 He is generally
regarded, not only as the first judge in New South Wales,
but also as the worst. The one thing he had to recommend
him was a spirit of independence. He gave an early display
of his mettle upon arrival in Sydney, by refusing to disembark
from his ship until the Governor arranged for a proper battery
of guns to salute him. He refused to pay the road toll levied
on users of Sydney's main road. He said he would be damned
if he would pay any illegal tax. He called the gatekeeper
a scoundrel, and threatened to put him in gaol. As a result,
he was charged with toll evasion, convicted by a magistrate
and fined two pounds. There being no Judicial Commission
in those days, the matter was allowed to rest there.
- The Court presided over by Judge Bent only ever sat to
hear one item of civil business. That was an application
by three ex-convict attorneys for admission to practice.
The judge, who was at risk of being outvoted by the two
magistrates with whom he sat, peremptorily announced that
the application was refused, and that he would never preside
in a court where ex-convicts were admitted to practice.
Soon afterwards he was recalled to England.
- Jeffrey Bent was replaced by a man of literary accomplishments,
or at least interests, named Barron Field. In 1819, following
his arrival in the colony, he published a book entitled
"First Fruits of Australian Poetry". His poems
attracted critical derision. One commentator wrote:
- "Thy poems, Barron Field, I've read,
- And thus adjudge their meed,
- So poor a crop proclaims thy head,
- A barren field indeed."
- The establishment of the Supreme Court followed from
recommendations made by Commissioner Bigge, who conducted
an investigation into the administration of New South Wales,
commencing in 1819. In one respect, however, the Court had
reason not to be grateful to Bigge. The architect, Francis
Greenway, had designed what is now St James' Church, for
use as a courthouse. Commissioner Bigge thought it was too
grand for that purpose. The Secretary to the Commission
was Bigge's brother-in-law, Mr T H Scott, formerly a wine
merchant of London. Commissioner Bigge recommended to Scott
that he take Holy Orders, and recommended to the authorities
in Westminster that the new building should be a church.
Both these suggestions were accepted, and by a happy coincidence
Archdeacon Scott became the first rector of St James church.
The building used for the court was of more modest proportions,
and was immediately to the west of the church
11 . I believe, that
to this day, title to that land is vested in the judges
of the Supreme Court of New South Wales.
- Francis Forbes, who came originally from the West Indies,
and, who had previously been Chief Justice of New Foundland,
was described by a biographer as "a sound lawyer and
a good judge .. A man of strong and upright character, tempered
by a conciliatory manner."
12 Two additional
judges were appointed, one in 1825 and one in 1827. Forbes
had been the principal draftsman of the Charter of Justice,
but the drafting was inadequate in one respect, which caused
trouble in relation to the administration of the court.
The Charter did not make it clear that the powers of the
court could be exercised by any one of its members. There
was controversy for some years about whether it was necessary
for members of the court to sit in Banc in order to make
effective orders. The issue was later clarified by legislation,
but its existence was an early embarrassment.
- There is another respect in which the drafting of the
Charter was unfortunate. When he was offered the position
of Chief Justice, Forbes was promised that he would be provided,
at Government expense, with an official residence. The Charter
of Justice made express reference to this matter. In 1833,
however, civil servants at Whitehall, in an economy drive,
decided that the arrangement would no longer be honoured,
and demanded that he pay rent. They took the point that,
although the Charter referred to the provision of an official
residence for the Chief Justice, it did not say that it
would be permanent. This would not be the only time a draftsman
has been scratched by his own pen
13.
- The decisions of Chief Justice Forbes have been described
as revealing strength and clarity of mind, and his personal
demeanour as displaying a touch of austerity and aloofness
14.
On the other hand, his successor, Sir James Dowling, was
said to be "popular and jovial"
15. Jovial, Dowling
may have been, but his patience was tested, to the limit,
by one of his colleagues, Mr Justice Willis. Willis is generally
regarded as the second worst judge in the history of New
South Wales. In 1838 the Chief Justice wrote of Mr Justice
Willis:
- "His conduct since he has been here has been
a source of perpetual annoyance. He is influenced by
the most malignant and diabolical displays."
In another letter, the Chief Justice wrote:
- "Some people have the opinion that he is cracked".
16
- In 1841 Willis was appointed resident judge in Melbourne.
In a letter dated 14 February 1841, Dowling wrote:
- "That detestable Willis is going tomorrow to
Port Phillip as resident judge, where I pray he may
stick and that I may never see his face again".
- The high point of the career of Mr Justice Willis was
an occasion when he sentenced to death a man who had been
convicted of a misdemeanour. Since the maximum penalty prescribed
for the offence was considerably less, the offender had
to be pardoned by the Governor. Dr Currey records of Willis
17
:
- "On the bench he engaged in lengthy harangues
which had not the slightest connection with the business
before or of the Court, but which bristled with insulting
references to individuals, public and private, in Sydney
and Melbourne".
- Mr Justice Willis was removed from office by Governor
Gipps in 1843, but he appealed successfully to the Privy
Council on the ground that he had not been given a proper
hearing.
- One of the notable figures in the early legal history
of New South Wales was present when the Supreme Court was
opened on the 17 th of May 1824. He was sworn
in as Attorney-General on that occasion. He was Mr Saxe
Bannister. One of his principal functions was, where necessary,
to prosecute for libel the rather vigorous journalists of
the day. In the event, he only instituted one such prosecution,
and that was when he himself claimed to have been the victim
of a libel. The prosecution failed for want of merit. In
due course, Bannister resigned. He selected a substantial
parcel of land in the Goulburn area. The land is now called
Bannister Station. It is owned by another former Attorney-General,
T E F Hughes QC.
- The figure who towers above all others in the history
of the Supreme Court during the 19 th century
is Sir Alfred Stephen, Chief Justice from 1844 until 1873.
He was a judge of great capacity and distinction. The strain
of office bore heavily upon him. On a public occasion, he
appealed to the humanity of the citizens of Sydney requesting
that they kill no more Chief Justices
18. In a commendation
from Westminster, it was said to him:
- "So good a judge as yourself has never existed
in the Colonial Empire."
19
- The early Chief Justices also sat in the colonial legislatures.
Forbes had, in effect, a power of veto over legislation,
which brought him into serious conflict with the Governor.
When representative government came to the colony in 1858,
Stephen, who was then serving as Chief Justice, was appointed
first President of the Legislative Council. He remained
in that office for two years, although there was controversy
as to the appropriateness of judges sitting in the legislature.
He resigned his office because the pressure of judicial
duties made it impossible for him to carry on as the President
of the Legislative Council at the same time.
- One 19 th century Chief Justice, Sir James
Martin, who held office from 1873 until 1886, had previously
been Premier of the colony. Dr J M Bennett, in his "Portraits
of the Chief Justices of New South Wales", records
two interesting facts concerning Sir James Martin
20. The first is that
he and his wife had 15 children. The second is that their
marriage was not happy. It seems reasonable to infer that
he was a persuasive man.
- The first Australian born Chief Justice of New South Wales
was Sir William Cullen, who was appointed in 1910. When
Chief Justice Spigelman was appointed last year, I read
in the press that he was an immigrant. During the first
ninety years of the Court's existence, all of its Chief
Justices were immigrants. Even so, the point was worth making.
It is a source of great satisfaction to see the present
Court with such excellent leadership.
- The many outstanding judicial figures who were members
of the Supreme Court during the 20 th century
are well-known to an audience such as this. They include
three members of the Street family who served as Chief Justice
of the Court. It is no doubt with great pride that my distinguished
predecessor, Sir Laurence Street, has participated in today's
celebrations.
- It is not only the Judges and the Masters who have contributed
to the work of the Court as an institution. The prothonotaries,
registrars and deputy registrars, sheriffs, court officers
and staff, and, most significantly during the last 25 years,
executive officers, and more recently , public information
officers, have made notable contributions to the work and
character of the Court.
- In the early days, one of the most important and controversial
aspects of the Court's civil business was the matter of
admission to practice of barristers and solicitors. The
sensitivity was in part related to the origins of New South
Wales, and social problems associated with the development
from a penal settlement to a self-governing colony. There
were also disputes affecting the relations of the two branches
of the professions. The fact that legal practitioners were
admitted as officers of the Supreme Court has always been
a defining circumstance in relations between the Court and
the profession. The Supreme Court has always taken an active
and important role in legal education. What is now the Legal
Practitioner's Admission Board still administers, in co-operation
with the University of Sydney, one of the State's most important
centres of legal education. Barristers and solicitors in
New South Wales have always been barristers and solicitors
of the Supreme Court. The role of the court in their education,
the maintenance of professional standards and discipline,
and their regulation, is central to their professional status.
- The structure of the Court, and the nature of its work,
has varied from time to time, but some features never seem
to change. Since 1824, the Court has been conducting, in
one form or another, programmes of delay reduction. In 1860,
in a public speech he made before an overseas journey, Sir
Alfred Stephen, made a desperate appeal to the citizens
of Sydney to assist in efforts to overcome delays in the
administration of justice. The mismatch between workload
and resources has existed since 1824. Let me give an illustration
of the problem by reference to a well-known judge of recent
times. In 1966 Jack Lee QC was appointed an acting Judge
of the Supreme Court. The Sydney Morning Herald of 3 June
1966, reporting the fact, said that Attorney-General McCaw
had decided to appoint four acting Supreme Court judges
to help dispose of the great congestion in common law cases
before the Supreme Court. In due course, Jack Lee became
a judge of the Court, and ultimately Chief Judge at Common
Law. He retired in 1991. Attorney-General Dowd promptly
announced that Jack Lee would be appointed an acting Judge
in order to help dispose of the back-log of cases in the
Common Law Division.
- For all its problems, and for all the shortcomings resulting
from the human imperfections of those who have participated
in its work, the Court, for 175 years, has adhered faithfully
to its central commitment to maintain the rule of law. The
citizens of this State are able to take for granted that
the Government, and the people, are both bound, and protected,
by law. This is the ultimate safeguard of their liberty
and their dignity. This is their inheritance. The principles
which the Supreme Court was established to protect and enforce
have been declared, again and again, by its Chief Justices
and its judges. There has been no finer expression of those
principles than that given by the first Chief Justice, in
a letter he wrote to the Under-Secretary of State for the
Colonies in 1827, explaining the role of the Court, and
its relationship with the Government
21 :
- "The King, by the constitution of our country,
is the head of every political institution. But it is
equally true that His Majesty has delegated his powers
to the different departments of government. His judicial
power is altogether delegated to his judges, and his
executive, to the great officers of state. In England,
the judicial authorities are independent of the ministerial,
as the ministerial are of the judicial. In New South
Wales, in the same way, the King has delegated his jurisdictions
to his judges. The notion of control is inconsistent
with the nature of a Supreme Court, which stands in
the same relation to the king in New South Wales as
the Superior Courts at home stand to the King in England.
His Majesty may remove the judges here, and so may the
two Houses of Parliament at a home; but the judicial
office itself stands uncontrolled and independent, and
bowing to no power but the supremacy of law."
- The Court has many challenges ahead of it. Its greatest
challenge is to ensure that the administration of civil
justice remains relevant to the lives of ordinary citizens.
I agree with Chief Justice Spigelman that the way to meet
that challenge is by constant adaptation to the changing
environment in which the Court operates.
- The Supreme Court is one of Australia's great and enduring
institutions of State. Such institutions frequently need
development, modernisation and revitalisation. They need
to be able to change in order to remain the same. But the
institutions which support our communal life are not like
free-standing trees in an avenue. They are more like tangled
vines. Sometimes they need to be pruned, or even cut back
hard, but that is a job for a gardener, not an axeman. Whatever
changes be ahead, the essence of the Court's character will
remain unchanged. As in the past, so in the future, it will
be as explained by Francis Forbes: uncontrolled and independent,
bowing to no power but the supremacy of law.
* |
- The Hon Murray Gleeson AC, Chief Justice of Australia.
|
1 |
- (1974) 98 ALJ 356 at 357.
|
2 |
- C H Currey, "Chapters on the Legal History
of New South Wales 1788 - 1863", p 183.
|
3 |
- (1974) 48 ALJ 356.
|
4 |
- Constitution, s 71.
|
5 |
- John Prebble, "The King's Jaunt, Geo IV
in Scotland 1822", Collins, 1988, p 165.
|
6 |
- John Ramsland, "The Struggle Against Isolation,
A History of the Manning Valley", 1987 pp 10-11.
|
7 |
- P Ruthven-Murray, "The Murrays of Rulewater",
RCS Ltd, London 1986, p 139.
|
8 |
- Robert Hughes, "The Fatal Shore", Collins
Harvill, 1987 p 272.
|
9 |
- Theo Barker "A Pictorial History of Bathurst",
1985, p 6.
|
10 |
- CH Currey, above, pp 158-160.
|
11 |
- J M Bennett, "A History of the Supreme Court
of New South Wales", Law Book Company 1974,
pp 2-3.
|
12 |
- J M Bennett "Portraits of the Chief Justice
of New South Wales", John Ferguson, p 11.
|
13 |
- CH Currey, above, pp 190-191.
|
14 |
- J M Bennett, "Portraits of the Chief Justices
of New South Wales" p 17.
|
15 |
- J M Bennett, "Portraits of the Chief Justices
of New South Wales" p 17.
|
16 |
- C H Currey, above pp 187-188.
|
17 |
- C H Currey, above p 188.
|
18 |
- J M Bennett, "Portraits of the Chief Justices
of New South Wales" p 21.
|
19 |
- J M Bennett, "Portraits of the Chief Justices
of New South Wales" p 21.
|
20 |
- J M Bennett, "Portraits of the Chief Justices
of New South Wales" p 25.
|
21 |
- Some Papers of Sir Francis Forbes, ed J M Bennett,
NSW Parliament, 1998, p 143.
|
|